Raspberry Pi OS How-to Documents

• 1: How to Create a NAS Server with a Raspberry Pi 4
• 2: How to Install Zabbix 7.0 on Raspberry Pi 4 OS 12 Bookworm
• 3: How to Install BIND9 DNS Server on Raspberry Pi OS
• 4: How to Install dnsmasq DNS Server on Raspberry Pi OS

1 - How to Create a NAS Server with a Raspberry Pi 4

In today’s digital world, the need for centralized storage solutions is growing. Whether you want to store media files, backups, or documents, a Network Attached Storage (NAS) server offers a convenient way to access files across devices on a local network or even remotely. While commercial NAS devices are available, they can be expensive. Fortunately, with a Raspberry Pi 4, you can build your own budget-friendly NAS server.

In this detailed guide, we’ll walk you through the process of setting up a NAS server using a Raspberry Pi 4. By the end, you’ll have a fully functional NAS that can be accessed from various devices in your home or office.

What is a NAS Server?

A Network Attached Storage (NAS) server is a specialized device connected to a network, providing centralized data storage and file sharing across devices. With a NAS, multiple users can access and share data seamlessly over the network. NAS servers are commonly used for:

• Media streaming (movies, music, photos)

• Backup storage for computers and mobile devices

• File sharing within a home or office network

• Remote access to files from anywhere in the world Creating a NAS server with a Raspberry Pi 4 is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and customizable, making it ideal for personal use or small-scale business environments.

Why Raspberry Pi 4?

The Raspberry Pi 4 is an excellent candidate for a NAS server due to its improved hardware compared to earlier models. Key features include:

• Quad-core 64-bit processor: Provides better performance for handling network traffic and file management.

• Up to 8GB RAM: Ample memory for managing multiple users and file operations.

• Gigabit Ethernet port: Enables fast and stable file transfer across your local network.

• USB 3.0 ports: Essential for connecting external storage devices such as hard drives or SSDs, providing high-speed data access. The Raspberry Pi 4 also runs on low power, which is ideal for a NAS server that might need to stay online 24/7.

What You Will Need

Before starting, make sure you have the following components ready:

• Raspberry Pi 4 (4GB or 8GB model recommended for better performance)

• MicroSD card (16GB or more) for the Raspberry Pi’s operating system

• External USB hard drive or SSD (to store your files)

• USB 3.0 powered hub (optional but recommended if using multiple hard drives)

• Raspberry Pi 4 power supply (official or high-quality third-party)

• Ethernet cable to connect the Pi to your router

• Keyboard, mouse, and monitor for initial setup (optional if using headless configuration)

• Raspberry Pi OS (Debian-based, previously known as Raspbian) Now, let’s proceed with the step-by-step process to create your NAS server.

Step 1: Set Up Raspberry Pi 4

1.1 Install Raspberry Pi OS

• Download the latest Raspberry Pi OS from the official Raspberry Pi website.

• Use software like Raspberry Pi Imager or Balena Etcher to write the OS image to your MicroSD card.

• Insert the MicroSD card into your Raspberry Pi 4 and power it on. If using a keyboard, mouse, and monitor, proceed with the standard installation. If setting up headless (without peripherals), you can enable SSH access before inserting the SD card by creating an empty file named ssh in the boot partition of the SD card.

1.2 Update and Upgrade

Once Raspberry Pi OS is installed and running, it’s important to update your system. Open a terminal window and enter the following commands:

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

This ensures that you have the latest software updates and security patches.

Step 2: Install and Configure Samba for File Sharing

We will use Samba to enable file sharing across different devices. Samba is a popular software suite that allows file and print sharing between Linux and Windows devices.

2.1 Install Samba

To install Samba, run the following command:

sudo apt install samba samba-common-bin

2.2 Create a Directory for File Storage

Create a folder where you will store your shared files. For example, let’s create a folder named shared in the /home/pi directory:

mkdir /home/pi/shared

2.3 Configure Samba

Next, we need to edit Samba’s configuration file to specify the settings for file sharing. Open the configuration file using a text editor:

sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf

Scroll to the bottom of the file and add the following configuration:

[Shared]
   comment = Shared Folder
   path = /home/pi/shared
   browseable = yes
   writeable = yes
   only guest = no
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   public = no

This configuration will create a shared folder that’s accessible over the network. The permissions allow read and write access to the folder.

2.4 Create Samba User

To secure your NAS server, create a Samba user who can access the shared files. Use the following command to add a user (replace pi with your username if necessary):

sudo smbpasswd -a pi

You’ll be prompted to set a password for the user. Once done, restart the Samba service to apply the changes:

sudo systemctl restart smbd

Step 3: Mount External Hard Drive

A NAS server typically relies on an external hard drive to store files. Let’s mount your external drive to the Raspberry Pi 4.

3.1 Identify the External Drive

First, plug your external hard drive into one of the USB 3.0 ports on the Raspberry Pi 4. To find the drive’s name, run:

sudo fdisk -l

Look for your external hard drive in the list (it’s typically named /dev/sda1 or similar).

3.2 Mount the Drive

Create a mount point for the drive:

sudo mkdir /mnt/external

Mount the drive to this directory:

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/external

To make the mount permanent (i.e., mounted automatically at boot), you need to add the drive to the /etc/fstab file. Open the file:

sudo nano /etc/fstab

Add the following line at the bottom:

/dev/sda1 /mnt/external auto defaults 0 0

Save and exit. Now, your external drive will be mounted automatically on startup.

Step 4: Configure Access to NAS from Other Devices

4.1 Access NAS from Windows

On a Windows computer, open File Explorer and type the Raspberry Pi’s IP address in the address bar, like so:

\\192.168.X.XXX

You will be prompted to enter your Samba username and password. After authentication, you’ll have access to the shared folder.

4.2 Access NAS from macOS

On a macOS device, open Finder, press Cmd + K, and enter the Raspberry Pi’s IP address like this:

smb://192.168.X.XXX

You’ll be asked for the Samba credentials, and once authenticated, the shared folder will be accessible.

Step 5: Optional - Set Up Remote Access

If you want to access your NAS server remotely, outside your home or office network, you can set up remote access via OpenVPN or WireGuard. Additionally, dynamic DNS (DDNS) can help you manage your NAS server’s IP address if it changes periodically.

Step 6: Optimize Your NAS Setup

While the basic setup is complete, there are several optimizations and improvements you can make:

• Add more storage: Connect additional external drives to expand your storage capacity. You can even set up a RAID configuration for redundancy.

• Automatic backups: Use software like rsync to automate backups to your NAS.

• Media streaming: Install media server software like Plex or Emby on your Raspberry Pi for streaming videos and music to your devices. Conclusion

Building a NAS server with a Raspberry Pi 4 is a cost-effective and powerful way to create a personal cloud for storing and sharing files across your home or office network. With Samba, you can easily access files from Windows, macOS, or Linux devices, making it a flexible solution for your storage needs.

By following this guide, you’ll have a fully functional NAS server that can be further customized with additional storage, automated backups, or media streaming capabilities. Whether for personal use or a small business, a Raspberry Pi 4 NAS server offers performance, scalability, and convenience at an affordable price.

2 - How to Install Zabbix 7.0 on Raspberry Pi 4 OS 12 Bookworm

If you’re looking to monitor networks, servers, or IoT devices at home or in a small office, Zabbix 7.0 LTS on a Raspberry Pi 4 can be an efficient and affordable solution. This guide provides a step-by-step approach to installing Zabbix 7.0 LTS on Raspberry Pi 4 running OS 12 Bookworm.

With its long-term support (LTS), Zabbix 7.0 is a reliable monitoring platform that works well with the latest Raspberry Pi OS. Let’s dive in and set up this powerful monitoring tool!

Prerequisites

Before we start, make sure you have the following:

1. Raspberry Pi 4 with at least 4GB of RAM (the 8GB version is preferable for optimal performance).
2. Raspberry Pi OS 12 Bookworm (the latest OS version).
3. Internet connection to download Zabbix packages.
4. Static IP address assigned to your Raspberry Pi to maintain a stable monitoring environment.

Step 1: Set Up Raspberry Pi OS 12 Bookworm

If you haven’t already set up your Raspberry Pi with OS 12 Bookworm, start by installing the latest OS version.

1. Download Raspberry Pi Imager from the official Raspberry Pi website.
2. Insert your microSD card into your computer, and use the Imager tool to flash Raspberry Pi OS 12 Bookworm onto the card.
3. Boot your Raspberry Pi with the new OS, and complete the initial setup process, ensuring it’s connected to the internet.

For remote management, you can enable SSH by navigating to Settings > Interfaces and turning on SSH.

Step 2: Update System Packages

Before installing Zabbix, it’s essential to update the system packages.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

This command will update all the installed packages to their latest versions, ensuring the system is ready for Zabbix.

Step 3: Install and Configure the LAMP Stack

Zabbix requires a LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) to function. Let’s install each component one by one.

1. Install Apache

Apache is the web server that Zabbix will use to display its monitoring interface.

sudo apt install apache2 -y

Once installed, start and enable Apache:

sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl enable apache2

Verify Apache is running by visiting the IP address of your Raspberry Pi in a browser. You should see the default Apache welcome page.

2. Install MySQL (MariaDB)

Zabbix uses a database to store monitoring data. MariaDB is an open-source alternative to MySQL and works well on Raspberry Pi.

sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client -y

Secure your MariaDB installation:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

Follow the prompts to set a root password and remove unnecessary users.

3. Create the Zabbix Database and User

Log in to MySQL and set up a database for Zabbix:

sudo mysql -u root -p

Run the following commands inside the MySQL prompt:

CREATE DATABASE zabbixdb CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin;
CREATE USER 'zabbixuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'strongpassword';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON zabbixdb.* TO 'zabbixuser'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

Replace strongpassword with a secure password. This creates a database (zabbixdb) and a user (zabbixuser) for Zabbix.

4. Install PHP and Required Modules

Zabbix needs specific PHP modules to work correctly. Install these using the following command:

sudo apt install php php-mysql php-xml php-bcmath php-mbstring php-gd php-ldap php-zip php-xmlreader -y

Adjust PHP settings in the configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/php/8.2/apache2/php.ini

Find and set the following parameters:

max_execution_time = 300
memory_limit = 128M
post_max_size = 16M
upload_max_filesize = 2M
date.timezone = "YOUR_TIMEZONE"

Replace YOUR_TIMEZONE with your actual time zone, e.g., America/New_York. Save and close the file.

Step 4: Install Zabbix 7.0 LTS

1. Download the Zabbix repository package:

wget https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/7.0/debian/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_7.0-1+bookworm_all.deb

2. Install the downloaded package:

sudo dpkg -i zabbix-release_7.0-1+bookworm_all.deb
sudo apt update

3. Now, install the Zabbix server, frontend, and agent:

sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-apache-conf zabbix-agent -y

Step 5: Configure Zabbix Database Connection

1. Import the initial schema and data into the Zabbix database:

zcat /usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql*/create.sql.gz | mysql -u zabbixuser -p zabbixdb

2. Configure Zabbix to connect to the database. Open the Zabbix server configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

3. Find and set the following parameters:

DBName=zabbixdb
DBUser=zabbixuser
DBPassword=strongpassword

Replace strongpassword with the password you set earlier.

Step 6: Start and Enable Zabbix Services

1. Start the Zabbix server and agent:

sudo systemctl start zabbix-server zabbix-agent apache2

2. Enable the services to start automatically on boot:

sudo systemctl enable zabbix-server zabbix-agent apache2

Verify the services are running:

sudo systemctl status zabbix-server zabbix-agent apache2

Step 7: Complete Zabbix Frontend Setup

1. Open a web browser and navigate to http://<Raspberry_Pi_IP>/zabbix.
2. Follow the setup wizard to complete the configuration.

• Step 1: Welcome screen, click Next.
• Step 2: Ensure all prerequisites are met.
• Step 3: Database configuration. Enter the database name, user, and password.
• Step 4: Zabbix server details. Default values are typically sufficient.
• Step 5: Confirm configuration.

3. After the setup, log in to the Zabbix front end using the default credentials:

• Username: Admin
• Password: zabbix

Step 8: Configure Zabbix Agent

The Zabbix agent collects data from the Raspberry Pi. Modify its configuration to monitor the server itself:

sudo nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf

Find and adjust the following:

Server=127.0.0.1
ServerActive=127.0.0.1
Hostname=RaspberryPi4

Save and close the file, then restart the Zabbix agent:

sudo systemctl restart Zabbix-agent

Step 9: Testing and Monitoring

1. add the Raspberry Pi as a host from the Zabbix dashboard.
2. Configure triggers, graphs, and alerts to monitor CPU, memory, disk usage, and other metrics.

With Zabbix 7.0 LTS successfully installed on Raspberry Pi OS 12 Bookworm, you can monitor your network and devices with a lightweight, efficient setup!

FAQs

1. Can Zabbix run efficiently on Raspberry Pi 4?

• Yes, especially with 4GB or 8GB RAM. For small networks, Zabbix is very effective on Raspberry Pi.

2. Do I need a static IP for Zabbix?

• While not mandatory, a static IP makes it easier to access your Zabbix server consistently.

3. What if I encounter PHP errors during setup?

• Ensure PHP modules are correctly installed and PHP settings are optimized in php.ini.

4. How secure is Zabbix on a Raspberry Pi?

• Basic security involves securing the MySQL instance and ensuring the server is behind a firewall. For internet exposure, consider adding SSL.

5. Can I use Zabbix to monitor IoT devices?

• Zabbix is highly compatible with IoT monitoring and can track metrics via SNMP or custom scripts.

3 - How to Install BIND9 DNS Server on Raspberry Pi OS

Raspberry Pi is a versatile, cost-effective device widely used for various projects, from home automation to learning new technologies. One such project involves setting up a Domain Name System (DNS) server. A DNS server translates domain names (e.g., example.com) into IP addresses, enabling easier and more user-friendly web navigation. By running your own DNS server on Raspberry Pi OS, you can manage your network more efficiently, enhance privacy, and improve performance by caching frequent DNS queries.

This guide walks you through installing and configuring a DNS server on Raspberry Pi OS Debian 12 Bookworm using BIND9, one of the most popular and reliable DNS server software packages.

Prerequisites

Before diving into the installation process, ensure you have the following:

1. A Raspberry Pi running Raspberry Pi OS Debian 12 Bookworm.
2. A stable internet connection.
3. Access to the terminal with sudo privileges.
4. Basic understanding of Linux commands.

Step 1: Update and Upgrade Your System

To start, ensure your Raspberry Pi OS is up-to-date. Open a terminal and run:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

This command updates the package lists and installs the latest versions of the available software. Keeping your system updated ensures compatibility and security.

Step 2: Install BIND9 DNS Server

The BIND9 package is readily available in the Debian repository. Install it using:

sudo apt install bind9 -y

Once the installation is complete, verify that the BIND9 service is running:

sudo systemctl status bind9

You should see the service status as active (running).

Step 3: Configure the BIND9 Server

The configuration of BIND9 involves editing a few files to define how the server will function. Here are the essential steps:

3.1 Edit the Main Configuration File

The primary configuration file for BIND9 is located at /etc/bind/named.conf.options. Open it using a text editor like nano:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options

Uncomment and modify the following lines to set up a basic caching DNS server:

options {
    directory "/var/cache/bind";

    recursion yes;  // Enables recursive queries
    allow-query { any; };  // Allow queries from any IP address
    forwarders {
        8.8.8.8;  // Google DNS
        8.8.4.4;
    };
    dnssec-validation auto;

    listen-on-v6 { any; };  // Allow IPv6 connections
};

Save the file by pressing CTRL+O, followed by Enter, and then CTRL+X to exit.

3.2 Configure a Local Zone (Optional)

If you want to create a custom DNS zone for internal use, edit the /etc/bind/named.conf.local file:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local

Add the following lines to define a zone:

zone "example.local" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.example.local";
};

Next, create the zone file:

sudo cp /etc/bind/db.local /etc/bind/db.example.local
sudo nano /etc/bind/db.example.local

Update the placeholder content with your local DNS entries. For example:

$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     example.local. admin.example.local. (
                          1         ; Serial
                          604800    ; Refresh
                          86400     ; Retry
                          2419200   ; Expire
                          604800 )  ; Negative Cache TTL
;

@       IN      NS      example.local.
@       IN      A       192.168.1.100  ; IP of the Raspberry Pi
www     IN      A       192.168.1.101  ; Example local web server

Save and close the file. Then, check the configuration for errors:

sudo named-checkconf
sudo named-checkzone example.local /etc/bind/db.example.local

If no errors are reported, the configuration is correct.

Step 4: Adjust Firewall Settings

To ensure your DNS server is accessible, allow DNS traffic through the firewall. Use ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall) to manage rules:

sudo ufw allow 53/tcp
sudo ufw allow 53/udp
sudo ufw reload

If ufw is not installed, you can add rules using iptables or another preferred firewall management tool.

Step 5: Restart and Enable the DNS Server

Restart the BIND9 service to apply the changes:

sudo systemctl restart bind9

Enable it to start automatically on boot:

sudo systemctl enable bind9

Step 6: Test the DNS Server

To confirm your DNS server is functioning correctly, use the dig command (part of the dnsutils package). First, install the package if it’s not already present:

sudo apt install dnsutils -y

Then, query your DNS server:

dig @localhost example.local

The output should include an ANSWER SECTION with the IP address you configured in the zone file.

Step 7: Configure Clients to Use the DNS Server

Finally, set up devices on your network to use the Raspberry Pi DNS server. On most operating systems, you can specify the DNS server in the network settings:

• Use the Raspberry Pi’s IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.100) as the primary DNS server.
• Test the setup by visiting websites or resolving local domains.

Troubleshooting Tips

1. Check Service Logs: If the DNS server doesn’t work as expected, review logs using:

   sudo journalctl -u bind9
   

2. Verify Port Availability: Ensure no other service is using port 53:

   sudo netstat -tuln | grep :53
   

3. Restart Services: If you make configuration changes, restart BIND9 to apply them:

   sudo systemctl restart bind9
   

4. Correct File Permissions: Ensure zone files have the correct permissions:

   sudo chown bind:bind /etc/bind/db.example.local
   

Conclusion

Setting up a DNS server on Raspberry Pi OS Debian 12 Bookworm using BIND9 is a rewarding project that enhances your network’s functionality and performance. By following this guide, you’ve created a versatile DNS server capable of caching queries, hosting local zones, and supporting both IPv4 and IPv6.

This setup can serve as a foundation for further customization, such as integrating DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) for enhanced privacy or creating more complex zone configurations. With your Raspberry Pi-powered DNS server, you have full control over your network’s DNS traffic.

4 - How to Install dnsmasq DNS Server on Raspberry Pi OS

Setting up a Domain Name System (DNS) server on your Raspberry Pi running Raspberry Pi OS Debian 12 Bookworm can significantly enhance your network’s efficiency by reducing lookup times and improving overall connectivity. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the process of installing and configuring dnsmasq, a lightweight DNS forwarder ideal for small-scale networks.

Prequisites

Before we begin, ensure you have the following:

• Raspberry Pi: Model 2, 3, or 4.
• Operating System: Raspberry Pi OS Debian 12 Bookworm.
• Network Connection: A stable internet connection via Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
• Static IP Address: It’s recommended to assign a static IP to your Raspberry Pi to ensure consistent network identification.

Step 1: Update Your System

Start by updating your package lists and upgrading existing packages to their latest versions. Open a terminal and execute:

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y

This ensures that your system has the latest security patches and software updates.

Step 2: Install dnsmasq

dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS forwarder and DHCP server designed for small networks. Install it using:

sudo apt install dnsmasq -y

Step 3: Configure dnsmasq

After installation, you’ll need to configure dnsmasq to function as your DNS server. Follow these steps:

1. Backup the Original Configuration: It’s good practice to keep a backup of the original configuration file.

   sudo cp /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
   

2. Edit the Configuration File: Open the dnsmasq configuration file in a text editor:

   sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
   

3. Modify the Following Settings:

   • Prevent Forwarding of Plain Names: Uncomment the domain-needed line to avoid forwarding incomplete domain names.

     domain-needed
     

   • Block Private IP Reverse Lookups: Uncomment the bogus-priv line to block reverse lookups for private IP ranges.

     bogus-priv
     

   • Specify Upstream DNS Servers: Add your preferred upstream DNS servers. For example, to use Google’s DNS servers:

     server=8.8.8.8
     server=8.8.4.4
     

   • Set Cache Size: Increase the cache size to improve performance.

     cache-size=1000
     

4. Save and Exit: After making the changes, save the file by pressing CTRL + X, then Y, and press Enter.

Step 4: Restart and Enable dnsmasq

To apply the changes, restart the dnsmasq service:

sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq

Enable dnsmasq to start on boot:

sudo systemctl enable dnsmasq

Step 5: Configure Network Manager for a Static IP

With the release of Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm, networking is managed by NetworkManager. To assign a static IP address:

1. List Network Interfaces: Identify your network connection name.

   nmcli connection show
   

   Look for the interface, typically named Wired connection 1 for Ethernet or your Wi-Fi SSID.

2. Set Static IP Address: Replace CONNECTION_NAME with your actual connection name.

   sudo nmcli connection modify "CONNECTION_NAME" ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.100/24 ipv4.method manual
   

3. Set Gateway and DNS: Assuming your router’s IP is 192.168.1.1:

   sudo nmcli connection modify "CONNECTION_NAME" ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1
   sudo nmcli connection modify "CONNECTION_NAME" ipv4.dns "192.168.1.1,8.8.8.8"
   

4. Apply Changes: Bring the connection down and up to apply changes.

   sudo nmcli connection down "CONNECTION_NAME" && sudo nmcli connection up "CONNECTION_NAME"
   

Step 6: Test the DNS Server

To verify that your Raspberry Pi is correctly resolving DNS queries:

1. Install dnsutils: If not already installed, to use the dig command.

   sudo apt install dnsutils -y
   

2. Perform a Test Query: Use the dig command to test DNS resolution.

   dig example.com @localhost
   

Check the output for a valid response and note the query time. Subsequent queries should be faster due to caching.

Step 7: Configure Client Devices

To utilize your Raspberry Pi as the DNS server, configure other devices on your network to use its static IP address as their primary DNS server. This setting is typically found in the network configuration section of each device.

Conclusion

By following this guide, you’ve successfully transformed your Raspberry Pi running Debian 12 Bookworm into a lightweight and efficient DNS server using dnsmasq. This setup allows your network to benefit from faster domain lookups, a reduced dependency on external DNS servers, and improved overall network performance.

Key benefits of this configuration include:

• Local Caching: Frequently accessed domains are cached, speeding up subsequent requests.
• Customizability: You can add custom DNS records or override specific domain names for your local network.
• Reduced Bandwidth: Cached responses reduce the need for repeated queries to external DNS servers.

To further enhance your setup, consider the following:

1. Monitoring Logs: Check /var/log/syslog for dnsmasq logs to monitor DNS queries and ensure everything is running smoothly.
2. Security Enhancements: Implement firewall rules using ufw or iptables to restrict access to the DNS server to devices within your local network.
3. Advanced DNS Features: Explore additional dnsmasq options, such as DHCP integration or filtering specific domains.

With this DNS server in place, your Raspberry Pi not only becomes a central hub for managing network queries but also a powerful tool for improving your network’s efficiency. Whether for personal use or small-scale enterprise projects, this setup ensures a robust and reliable DNS service. Happy networking!